Restoring etcd quorum | Cluster Administration

Backing up etcd
- Backing up etcd configuration files
- Backing up etcd data
Removing an etcd host
Creating a single-node etcd cluster
Adding etcd nodes after restoring

If you lose etcd quorum, you must back up etcd, take down your etcd cluster, and form a new one. You can use one healthy etcd node to form a new cluster, but you must remove all other healthy nodes.

During etcd quorum loss, applications that run on OKD are unaffected. However, the platform functionality is limited to read-only operations. You cannot take action such as scaling an application up or down, changing deployments, or running or modifying builds.

To confirm the loss of etcd quorum, run one of the following commands and confirm that the cluster is unhealthy:

If you use the etcd v2 API, run the following command:

# etcd_ctl=2 etcdctl  --cert-file=/etc/origin/master/master.etcd-client.crt  \
          --key-file /etc/origin/master/master.etcd-client.key \
          --ca-file /etc/origin/master/master.etcd-ca.crt \
          --endpoints="https://*master-0.example.com*:2379,\
          https://*master-1.example.com*:2379,\
          https://*master-2.example.com*:2379"\
          cluster-health

member 165201190bf7f217 is unhealthy: got unhealthy result from https://master-0.example.com:2379
member b50b8a0acab2fa71 is unreachable: [https://master-1.example.com:2379] are all unreachable
member d40307cbca7bc2df is unreachable: [https://master-2.example.com:2379] are all unreachable
cluster is unhealthy

If you use the v3 API, run the following command:

# ETCDCTL_API=3 etcdctl --cert=/etc/origin/master/master.etcd-client.crt  \
          --key=/etc/origin/master/master.etcd-client.key \
          --cacert=/etc/origin/masterca.crt \
          --endpoints="https://*master-0.example.com*:2379,\
          https://*master-1.example.com*:2379,\
          https://*master-2.example.com*:2379"\
          endpoint health
https://master-0.example.com:2379 is unhealthy: failed to connect: context deadline exceeded
https://master-1.example.com:2379 is unhealthy: failed to connect: context deadline exceeded
https://master-2.example.com:2379 is unhealthy: failed to connect: context deadline exceeded
Error:  unhealthy cluster

Note the member IDs and host names of the hosts. You use one of the nodes that can be reached to form a new cluster.

Backing up etcd

When you back up etcd, you must back up both the etcd configuration files and the etcd data.

Backing up etcd configuration files

The etcd configuration files to be preserved are all stored in the /etc/etcd directory of the instances where etcd is running. This includes the etcd configuration file (/etc/etcd/etcd.conf) and the required certificates for cluster communication. All those files are generated at installation time by the Ansible installer.

Procedure

For each etcd member of the cluster, back up the etcd configuration.

$ ssh master-0
# mkdir -p /backup/etcd-config-$(date +%Y%m%d)/
# cp -R /etc/etcd/ /backup/etcd-config-$(date +%Y%m%d)/

The certificates and configuration files on each etcd cluster member are unique.

Backing up etcd data

Prerequisites

The OKD installer creates aliases to avoid typing all the flags named etcdctl2 for etcd v2 tasks and etcdctl3 for etcd v3 tasks.

However, the etcdctl3 alias does not provide the full endpoint list to the etcdctl command, so the --endpoints option with all the endpoints must be provided.

Before backing up etcd:

etcdctl binaries should be available or, in containerized installations, the rhel7/etcd container should be available
Ensure connectivity with the etcd cluster (port 2379/tcp)
Ensure the proper certificates to connect to the etcd cluster

Procedure

While the etcdctl backup command is used to perform the backup, etcd v3 has no concept of a backup. Instead, you either take a snapshot from a live member with the etcdctl snapshot save command or copy the member/snap/db file from an etcd data directory.

The etcdctl backup command rewrites some of the metadata contained in the backup, specifically, the node ID and cluster ID, which means that in the backup, the node loses its former identity. To recreate a cluster from the backup, you create a new, single-node cluster, then add the rest of the nodes to the cluster. The metadata is rewritten to prevent the new node from joining an existing cluster.

Back up the etcd data:

If you use the v2 API, take the following actions:

Stop all etcd services:
```
# systemctl stop etcd.service
```

Create the etcd data backup and copy the etcd db file:

# mkdir -p /backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d)
# etcdctl2 backup \
    --data-dir /var/lib/etcd \
    --backup-dir /backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d)
# cp /var/lib/etcd/member/snap/db /backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d)

Start all etcd services:
```
# systemctl start etcd.service
```

If you use the v3 API, run the following commands:

Because clusters upgraded from previous versions of OKD might contain v2 data stores, back up both v2 and v3 datastores.
1. Back up etcd v3 data:
  # systemctl show etcd --property=ActiveState,SubState # mkdir -p /backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d) # etcdctl3 snapshot save */backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d)*/db Snapshot saved at /backup/etcd-<date>/db
2. Back up etcd v2 data:
  # systemctl stop etcd.service # etcdctl2 backup \ --data-dir /var/lib/etcd \ --backup-dir /backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d) # cp /var/lib/etcd/member/snap/db /backup/etcd-$(date +%Y%m%d) # systemctl start etcd.service
  The etcdctl snapshot save command requires the etcd service to be running.
  
  In these commands, a /backup/etcd-<date>/ directory is created, where <date> represents the current date, which must be an external NFS share, S3 bucket, or any external storage location.
  
  In the case of an all-in-one cluster, the etcd data directory is located in the /var/lib/origin/openshift.local.etcd directory.

Removing an etcd host

If an etcd host fails beyond restoration, remove it from the cluster. To recover from an etcd quorum loss, you must also remove all healthy etcd nodes but one from your cluster.

Steps to be performed on all masters hosts

Procedure

Remove each other etcd host from the etcd cluster. Run the following command for each etcd node:

# etcdctl -C https://<surviving host IP address>:2379 \
  --ca-file=/etc/etcd/ca.crt     \
  --cert-file=/etc/etcd/peer.crt     \
  --key-file=/etc/etcd/peer.key member remove <failed member ID>

Remove the other etcd hosts from the /etc/origin/master/master-config.yaml +master configuration file on every master:

etcdClientInfo:
  ca: master.etcd-ca.crt
  certFile: master.etcd-client.crt
  keyFile: master.etcd-client.key
  urls:
    - https://master-0.example.com:2379
    - https://master-1.example.com:2379 (1)
    - https://master-2.example.com:2379 (1)

1	The host to remove.

Restart the master API service on every master:
```
# systemctl restart atomic-openshift-master-api
```
Or, if using a single master cluster installation:
```
# systemctl restart atomic-openshift-master
```

Steps to be performed in the current etcd cluster

Procedure

Remove the failed host from the cluster:

# etcdctl2 cluster-health
member 5ee217d19001 is healthy: got healthy result from https://192.168.55.12:2379
member 2a529ba1840722c0 is healthy: got healthy result from https://192.168.55.8:2379
failed to check the health of member 8372784203e11288 on https://192.168.55.21:2379: Get https://192.168.55.21:2379/health: dial tcp 192.168.55.21:2379: getsockopt: connection refused
member 8372784203e11288 is unreachable: [https://192.168.55.21:2379] are all unreachable
member ed4f0efd277d7599 is healthy: got healthy result from https://192.168.55.13:2379
cluster is healthy

# etcdctl2 member remove 8372784203e11288 (1)
Removed member 8372784203e11288 from cluster

# etcdctl2 cluster-health
member 5ee217d19001 is healthy: got healthy result from https://192.168.55.12:2379
member 2a529ba1840722c0 is healthy: got healthy result from https://192.168.55.8:2379
member ed4f0efd277d7599 is healthy: got healthy result from https://192.168.55.13:2379
cluster is healthy

1	The `remove` command requires the etcd ID, not the hostname.

To ensure the etcd configuration does not use the failed host when the etcd service is restarted, modify the /etc/etcd/etcd.conf file on all remaining etcd hosts and remove the failed host in the value for the ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER variable:
```
# vi /etc/etcd/etcd.conf
```
For example:
```
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER=master-0.example.com=https://192.168.55.8:2380,master-1.example.com=https://192.168.55.12:2380,master-2.example.com=https://192.168.55.13:2380
```
becomes:
```
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER=master-0.example.com=https://192.168.55.8:2380,master-1.example.com=https://192.168.55.12:2380
```
Restarting the etcd services is not required, because the failed host is removed using etcdctl.
Modify the Ansible inventory file to reflect the current status of the cluster and to avoid issues when re-running a playbook:
```
[OSEv3:children]
masters
nodes
etcd

... [OUTPUT ABBREVIATED] ...

[etcd]
master-0.example.com
master-1.example.com
```
If you are using Flannel, modify the flanneld service configuration located at /etc/sysconfig/flanneld on every host and remove the etcd host:
```
FLANNEL_ETCD_ENDPOINTS=https://master-0.example.com:2379,https://master-1.example.com:2379,https://master-2.example.com:2379
```
Restart the flanneld service:
```
# systemctl restart flanneld.service
```

Creating a single-node etcd cluster

To restore the full functionality of your OKD instance, make a remaining etcd node a standalone etcd cluster.

Procedure

On the etcd node that you did not remove from the cluster, stop all etcd services:
```
# systemctl stop etcd.service
```

Run the etcd service on the host, forcing a new cluster.

These commands create a custom file for the etcd service, which adds the --force-new-cluster option to the etcd start command:

# mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/etcd.service.d/
# echo "[Service]" > /etc/systemd/system/etcd.service.d/temp.conf
# echo "ExecStart=" >> /etc/systemd/system/etcd.service.d/temp.conf
# sed -n '/ExecStart/s/"$/ --force-new-cluster"/p' \
    /usr/lib/systemd/system/etcd.service \
    >> /etc/systemd/system/etcd.service.d/temp.conf

# systemctl daemon-reload
# systemctl restart etcd

List the etcd member and confirm that the member list contains only your single etcd host:

# etcdctl member list
165201190bf7f217: name=192.168.34.20 peerURLs=http://localhost:2380 clientURLs=https://master-0.example.com:2379 isLeader=true

After restoring the data and creating a new cluster, you must update the peerURLs parameter value to use the IP address where etcd listens for peer communication:
```
# etcdctl member update 165201190bf7f217 https://192.168.34.20:2380 (1)
```
1 165201190bf7f217 is the member ID shown in the output of the previous command, and https://192.168.34.20:2380 is its IP address.

To verify, check that the IP is in the member list:

$ etcdctl2 member list
5ee217d17301: name=master-0.example.com peerURLs=https://*192.168.55.8*:2380 clientURLs=https://192.168.55.8:2379 isLeader=true

Adding etcd nodes after restoring

After the first instance is running, you can add multiple etcd servers to your cluster.

Procedure

Get the etcd name for the instance in the ETCD_NAME variable:
```
# grep ETCD_NAME /etc/etcd/etcd.conf
```
Get the IP address where etcd listens for peer communication:
```
# grep ETCD_INITIAL_ADVERTISE_PEER_URLS /etc/etcd/etcd.conf
```
If the node was previously part of a etcd cluster, delete the previous etcd data:
```
# rm -Rf /var/lib/etcd/*
```

On the etcd host where etcd is properly running, add the new member:

If you use the v2 etcd api, run this command:

$ etcdctl2 member add <name> <advertise_peer_urls>

If you use the v3 etcd api, run this command:

# etcdctl3 member add *<name>* \
  --peer-urls="*<advertise_peer_urls>*"

The command outputs some variables. For example:

ETCD_NAME="master2"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER="master-0.example.com=https://192.168.55.8:2380"
ETCD_INITIAL_CLUSTER_STATE="existing"

Add the values from the previous command to the /etc/etcd/etcd.conf file of the new host:
```
# vi /etc/etc/etcd.conf
```
Start the etcd service in the node joining the cluster:
```
# systemctl start etcd.service
```
Check for error messages:
```
$ journalctl -fu etcd.service
```
Repeat the previous steps for every etcd node to be added.

Once you add all the nodes, verify the cluster status and cluster health:

If you use the v2 etcd api, run the following commands:

# etcdctl2 member list
5cd050b4d701: name=master1 peerURLs=https://10.0.0.7:2380 clientURLs=https://10.0.0.7:2379 isLeader=true
d0c57659d8990cbd: name=master2 peerURLs=https://10.0.0.5:2380 clientURLs=https://10.0.0.5:2379 isLeader=false
e4696d637de3eb2d: name=master3 peerURLs=https://10.0.0.6:2380 clientURLs=https://10.0.0.6:2379 isLeader=false

# etcdctl2 cluster-health
member 5cd050b4d701 is healthy: got healthy result from https://10.0.0.7:2379
member d0c57659d8990cbd is healthy: got healthy result from https://10.0.0.5:2379
member e4696d637de3eb2d is healthy: got healthy result from https://10.0.0.6:2379
cluster is healthy

If you use the v3 etcd api, run the following commands:

# etcdctl3 endpoint health
https://master-0.example.com:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 1.423459ms
https://master-1.example.com:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 1.767481ms
https://master-2.example.com:2379 is healthy: successfully committed proposal: took = 1.599694ms

# etcdctl3 endpoint status
https://master-0.example.com:2379, 40bef1f6c79b3163, 3.2.5, 28 MB, true, 9, 2878
https://master-1.example.com:2379, 1ea57201a3ff620a, 3.2.5, 28 MB, false, 9, 2878
https://master-2.example.com:2379, 59229711e4bc65c8, 3.2.5, 28 MB, false, 9, 2878