Tutorial - Developing Operators | Operators

Prerequisites
Creating a project
- Existing Helm charts
- PROJECT file
Understanding the Operator logic
- Sample Helm chart
- Modifying the custom resource spec
Enabling proxy support
Running the Operator
Creating a custom resource
Additional resources

Operator developers can take advantage of Helm support in the Operator SDK to build an example Helm-based Operator for Nginx and manage its lifecycle. This tutorial walks through the following process:

Create a Nginx deployment
Ensure that the deployment size is the same as specified by the Nginx custom resource (CR) spec
Update the Nginx CR status using the status writer with the names of the nginx pods

This process is accomplished using two centerpieces of the Operator Framework:

Operator SDK: The operator-sdk CLI tool and controller-runtime library API
Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM): Installation, upgrade, and role-based access control (RBAC) of Operators on a cluster

This tutorial goes into greater detail than Getting started with Operator SDK for Helm-based Operators.

Prerequisites

Operator SDK CLI installed
OpenShift CLI (oc) v4.11+ installed
Logged into an OKD 4.11 cluster with oc with an account that has cluster-admin permissions
To allow the cluster to pull the image, the repository where you push your image must be set as public, or you must configure an image pull secret

Additional resources

Creating a project

Use the Operator SDK CLI to create a project called nginx-operator.

Procedure

Create a directory for the project:

$ mkdir -p $HOME/projects/nginx-operator

Change to the directory:
```
$ cd $HOME/projects/nginx-operator
```

Run the operator-sdk init command with the helm plugin to initialize the project:

$ operator-sdk init \
    --plugins=helm \
    --domain=example.com \
    --group=demo \
    --version=v1 \
    --kind=Nginx

By default, the helm plugin initializes a project using a boilerplate Helm chart. You can use additional flags, such as the --helm-chart flag, to initialize a project using an existing Helm chart.

The init command creates the nginx-operator project specifically for watching a resource with API version example.com/v1 and kind Nginx.

For Helm-based projects, the init command generates the RBAC rules in the config/rbac/role.yaml file based on the resources that would be deployed by the default manifest for the chart. Verify that the rules generated in this file meet the permission requirements of the Operator.

Existing Helm charts

Instead of creating your project with a boilerplate Helm chart, you can alternatively use an existing chart, either from your local file system or a remote chart repository, by using the following flags:

--helm-chart
--helm-chart-repo
--helm-chart-version

If the --helm-chart flag is specified, the --group, --version, and --kind flags become optional. If left unset, the following default values are used:

Flag Value

Flag	Value
`--domain`	`my.domain`
`--group`	`charts`
`--version`	`v1`
`--kind`	Deduced from the specified chart

--domain

my.domain

--group

charts

--version

v1

--kind

Deduced from the specified chart

If the --helm-chart flag specifies a local chart archive, for example example-chart-1.2.0.tgz, or directory, the chart is validated and unpacked or copied into the project. Otherwise, the Operator SDK attempts to fetch the chart from a remote repository.

If a custom repository URL is not specified by the --helm-chart-repo flag, the following chart reference formats are supported:

Format Description

Format	Description
`<repo_name>/<chart_name>`	Fetch the Helm chart named `<chart_name>` from the helm chart repository named `<repo_name>`, as specified in the `$HELM_HOME/repositories/repositories.yaml` file. Use the `helm repo add` command to configure this file.
`<url>`	Fetch the Helm chart archive at the specified URL.

<repo_name>/<chart_name>

Fetch the Helm chart named <chart_name> from the helm chart repository named <repo_name>, as specified in the $HELM_HOME/repositories/repositories.yaml file. Use the helm repo add command to configure this file.

<url>

Fetch the Helm chart archive at the specified URL.

If a custom repository URL is specified by --helm-chart-repo, the following chart reference format is supported:

Format Description

Format	Description
`<chart_name>`	Fetch the Helm chart named `<chart_name>` in the Helm chart repository specified by the `--helm-chart-repo` URL value.

<chart_name>

Fetch the Helm chart named <chart_name> in the Helm chart repository specified by the --helm-chart-repo URL value.

If the --helm-chart-version flag is unset, the Operator SDK fetches the latest available version of the Helm chart. Otherwise, it fetches the specified version. The optional --helm-chart-version flag is not used when the chart specified with the --helm-chart flag refers to a specific version, for example when it is a local path or a URL.

For more details and examples, run:

$ operator-sdk init --plugins helm --help

PROJECT file

Among the files generated by the operator-sdk init command is a Kubebuilder PROJECT file. Subsequent operator-sdk commands, as well as help output, that are run from the project root read this file and are aware that the project type is Helm. For example:

domain: example.com
layout:
- helm.sdk.operatorframework.io/v1
plugins:
  manifests.sdk.operatorframework.io/v2: {}
  scorecard.sdk.operatorframework.io/v2: {}
  sdk.x-openshift.io/v1: {}
projectName: nginx-operator
resources:
- api:
    crdVersion: v1
    namespaced: true
  domain: example.com
  group: demo
  kind: Nginx
  version: v1
version: "3"

Understanding the Operator logic

For this example, the nginx-operator project executes the following reconciliation logic for each Nginx custom resource (CR):

Create an Nginx deployment if it does not exist.
Create an Nginx service if it does not exist.
Create an Nginx ingress if it is enabled and does not exist.
Ensure that the deployment, service, and optional ingress match the desired configuration as specified by the Nginx CR, for example the replica count, image, and service type.

By default, the nginx-operator project watches Nginx resource events as shown in the watches.yaml file and executes Helm releases using the specified chart:

# Use the 'create api' subcommand to add watches to this file.
- group: demo
  version: v1
  kind: Nginx
  chart: helm-charts/nginx
# +kubebuilder:scaffold:watch

Sample Helm chart

When a Helm Operator project is created, the Operator SDK creates a sample Helm chart that contains a set of templates for a simple Nginx release.

For this example, templates are available for deployment, service, and ingress resources, along with a NOTES.txt template, which Helm chart developers use to convey helpful information about a release.

If you are not already familiar with Helm charts, review the Helm developer documentation.

Modifying the custom resource spec

Helm uses a concept called values to provide customizations to the defaults of a Helm chart, which are defined in the values.yaml file.

You can override these defaults by setting the desired values in the custom resource (CR) spec. You can use the number of replicas as an example.

Procedure

The helm-charts/nginx/values.yaml file has a value called replicaCount set to 1 by default. To have two Nginx instances in your deployment, your CR spec must contain replicaCount: 2.

Edit the config/samples/demo_v1_nginx.yaml file to set replicaCount: 2:
```
apiVersion: demo.example.com/v1
kind: Nginx
metadata:
  name: nginx-sample
...
spec:
...
  replicaCount: 2
```
Similarly, the default service port is set to 80. To use 8080, edit the config/samples/demo_v1_nginx.yaml file to set spec.port: 8080,which adds the service port override:
```
apiVersion: demo.example.com/v1
kind: Nginx
metadata:
  name: nginx-sample
spec:
  replicaCount: 2
  service:
    port: 8080
```

The Helm Operator applies the entire spec as if it was the contents of a values file, just like the helm install -f ./overrides.yaml command.

Enabling proxy support

Operator authors can develop Operators that support network proxies. Cluster administrators configure proxy support for the environment variables that are handled by Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM). To support proxied clusters, your Operator must inspect the environment for the following standard proxy variables and pass the values to Operands:

HTTP_PROXY
HTTPS_PROXY
NO_PROXY

This tutorial uses HTTP_PROXY as an example environment variable.

Prerequisites

A cluster with cluster-wide egress proxy enabled.

Procedure

Edit the watches.yaml file to include overrides based on an environment variable by adding the overrideValues field:

...
- group: demo.example.com
  version: v1alpha1
  kind: Nginx
  chart: helm-charts/nginx
  overrideValues:
    proxy.http: $HTTP_PROXY
...

Add the proxy.http value in the helm-charts/nginx/values.yaml file:
```
...
proxy:
  http: ""
  https: ""
  no_proxy: ""
```

To make sure the chart template supports using the variables, edit the chart template in the helm-charts/nginx/templates/deployment.yaml file to contain the following:

containers:
  - name: {{ .Chart.Name }}
    securityContext:
      - toYaml {{ .Values.securityContext | nindent 12 }}
    image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag | default .Chart.AppVersion }}"
    imagePullPolicy: {{ .Values.image.pullPolicy }}
    env:
      - name: http_proxy
        value: "{{ .Values.proxy.http }}"

Set the environment variable on the Operator deployment by adding the following to the config/manager/manager.yaml file:

containers:
 - args:
   - --leader-elect
   - --leader-election-id=ansible-proxy-demo
   image: controller:latest
   name: manager
   env:
     - name: "HTTP_PROXY"
       value: "http_proxy_test"

Running the Operator

There are three ways you can use the Operator SDK CLI to build and run your Operator:

Run locally outside the cluster as a Go program.
Run as a deployment on the cluster.
Bundle your Operator and use Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) to deploy on the cluster.

Running locally outside the cluster

You can run your Operator project as a Go program outside of the cluster. This is useful for development purposes to speed up deployment and testing.

Procedure

Run the following command to install the custom resource definitions (CRDs) in the cluster configured in your ~/.kube/config file and run the Operator locally:

$ make install run

Example output

...
{"level":"info","ts":1612652419.9289865,"logger":"controller-runtime.metrics","msg":"metrics server is starting to listen","addr":":8080"}
{"level":"info","ts":1612652419.9296563,"logger":"helm.controller","msg":"Watching resource","apiVersion":"demo.example.com/v1","kind":"Nginx","namespace":"","reconcilePeriod":"1m0s"}
{"level":"info","ts":1612652419.929983,"logger":"controller-runtime.manager","msg":"starting metrics server","path":"/metrics"}
{"level":"info","ts":1612652419.930015,"logger":"controller-runtime.manager.controller.nginx-controller","msg":"Starting EventSource","source":"kind source: demo.example.com/v1, Kind=Nginx"}
{"level":"info","ts":1612652420.2307851,"logger":"controller-runtime.manager.controller.nginx-controller","msg":"Starting Controller"}
{"level":"info","ts":1612652420.2309358,"logger":"controller-runtime.manager.controller.nginx-controller","msg":"Starting workers","worker count":8}

Running as a deployment on the cluster

You can run your Operator project as a deployment on your cluster.

Procedure

Run the following make commands to build and push the Operator image. Modify the IMG argument in the following steps to reference a repository that you have access to. You can obtain an account for storing containers at repository sites such as Quay.io.

Build the image:

$ make docker-build IMG=<registry>/<user>/<image_name>:<tag>

The Dockerfile generated by the SDK for the Operator explicitly references GOARCH=amd64 for go build. This can be amended to GOARCH=$TARGETARCH for non-AMD64 architectures. Docker will automatically set the environment variable to the value specified by –platform. With Buildah, the –build-arg will need to be used for the purpose. For more information, see Multiple Architectures.

Push the image to a repository:

$ make docker-push IMG=<registry>/<user>/<image_name>:<tag>

The name and tag of the image, for example IMG=<registry>/<user>/<image_name>:<tag>, in both the commands can also be set in your Makefile. Modify the IMG ?= controller:latest value to set your default image name.

Run the following command to deploy the Operator:
```
$ make deploy IMG=<registry>/<user>/<image_name>:<tag>
```
By default, this command creates a namespace with the name of your Operator project in the form <project_name>-system and is used for the deployment. This command also installs the RBAC manifests from config/rbac.

Run the following command to verify that the Operator is running:

$ oc get deployment -n <project_name>-system

Example output

NAME                                    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
<project_name>-controller-manager       1/1     1            1           8m

Bundling an Operator and deploying with Operator Lifecycle Manager

Bundling an Operator

The Operator bundle format is the default packaging method for Operator SDK and Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM). You can get your Operator ready for use on OLM by using the Operator SDK to build and push your Operator project as a bundle image.

Prerequisites

Operator SDK CLI installed on a development workstation
OpenShift CLI (oc) v4.11+ installed
Operator project initialized by using the Operator SDK

Procedure

Run the following make commands in your Operator project directory to build and push your Operator image. Modify the IMG argument in the following steps to reference a repository that you have access to. You can obtain an account for storing containers at repository sites such as Quay.io.

Build the image:

$ make docker-build IMG=<registry>/<user>/<operator_image_name>:<tag>

Push the image to a repository:

$ make docker-push IMG=<registry>/<user>/<operator_image_name>:<tag>

Create your Operator bundle manifest by running the make bundle command, which invokes several commands, including the Operator SDK generate bundle and bundle validate subcommands:
```
$ make bundle IMG=<registry>/<user>/<operator_image_name>:<tag>
```
Bundle manifests for an Operator describe how to display, create, and manage an application. The make bundle command creates the following files and directories in your Operator project:
- A bundle manifests directory named bundle/manifests that contains a ClusterServiceVersion object
- A bundle metadata directory named bundle/metadata
- All custom resource definitions (CRDs) in a config/crd directory
- A Dockerfile bundle.Dockerfile
These files are then automatically validated by using operator-sdk bundle validate to ensure the on-disk bundle representation is correct.
Build and push your bundle image by running the following commands. OLM consumes Operator bundles using an index image, which reference one or more bundle images.
1. Build the bundle image. Set BUNDLE_IMG with the details for the registry, user namespace, and image tag where you intend to push the image:
  $ make bundle-build BUNDLE_IMG=<registry>/<user>/<bundle_image_name>:<tag>
2. Push the bundle image:
  $ docker push <registry>/<user>/<bundle_image_name>:<tag>

Deploying an Operator with Operator Lifecycle Manager

Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM) helps you to install, update, and manage the lifecycle of Operators and their associated services on a Kubernetes cluster. OLM is installed by default on OKD and runs as a Kubernetes extension so that you can use the web console and the OpenShift CLI (oc) for all Operator lifecycle management functions without any additional tools.

The Operator bundle format is the default packaging method for Operator SDK and OLM. You can use the Operator SDK to quickly run a bundle image on OLM to ensure that it runs properly.

Prerequisites

Operator SDK CLI installed on a development workstation
Operator bundle image built and pushed to a registry
OLM installed on a Kubernetes-based cluster (v1.16.0 or later if you use apiextensions.k8s.io/v1 CRDs, for example OKD 4.11)
Logged in to the cluster with oc using an account with cluster-admin permissions

Procedure

Enter the following command to run the Operator on the cluster:

$ operator-sdk run bundle \(1)
    -n <namespace> \(2)
    <registry>/<user>/<bundle_image_name>:<tag> (3)

1	The `run bundle` command creates a valid file-based catalog and installs the Operator bundle on your cluster using OLM.
2	Optional: By default, the command installs the Operator in the currently active project in your `~/.kube/config` file. You can add the `-n` flag to set a different namespace scope for the installation.
3	If you do not specify an image, the command uses `quay.io/operator-framework/opm:latest` as the default index image. If you specify an image, the command uses the bundle image itself as the index image.

As of OKD 4.11, the run bundle command supports the file-based catalog format for Operator catalogs by default. The deprecated SQLite database format for Operator catalogs continues to be supported; however, it will be removed in a future release. It is recommended that Operator authors migrate their workflows to the file-based catalog format.

This command performs the following actions:

Create an index image referencing your bundle image. The index image is opaque and ephemeral, but accurately reflects how a bundle would be added to a catalog in production.
Create a catalog source that points to your new index image, which enables OperatorHub to discover your Operator.
Deploy your Operator to your cluster by creating an OperatorGroup, Subscription, InstallPlan, and all other required resources, including RBAC.

Creating a custom resource

After your Operator is installed, you can test it by creating a custom resource (CR) that is now provided on the cluster by the Operator.

Prerequisites

Example Nginx Operator, which provides the Nginx CR, installed on a cluster

Procedure

Change to the namespace where your Operator is installed. For example, if you deployed the Operator using the make deploy command:
```
$ oc project nginx-operator-system
```

Edit the sample Nginx CR manifest at config/samples/demo_v1_nginx.yaml to contain the following specification:

apiVersion: demo.example.com/v1
kind: Nginx
metadata:
  name: nginx-sample
...
spec:
...
  replicaCount: 3

The Nginx service account requires privileged access to run in OKD. Add the following security context constraint (SCC) to the service account for the nginx-sample pod:
```
$ oc adm policy add-scc-to-user \
    anyuid system:serviceaccount:nginx-operator-system:nginx-sample
```

Create the CR:

$ oc apply -f config/samples/demo_v1_nginx.yaml

Ensure that the Nginx Operator creates the deployment for the sample CR with the correct size:

$ oc get deployments

Example output

NAME                                    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
nginx-operator-controller-manager       1/1     1            1           8m
nginx-sample                            3/3     3            3           1m

Check the pods and CR status to confirm the status is updated with the Nginx pod names.

Check the pods:

$ oc get pods

Example output

NAME                                  READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
nginx-sample-6fd7c98d8-7dqdr          1/1       Running   0          1m
nginx-sample-6fd7c98d8-g5k7v          1/1       Running   0          1m
nginx-sample-6fd7c98d8-m7vn7          1/1       Running   0          1m

Check the CR status:

$ oc get nginx/nginx-sample -o yaml

Example output

apiVersion: demo.example.com/v1
kind: Nginx
metadata:
...
  name: nginx-sample
...
spec:
  replicaCount: 3
status:
  nodes:
  - nginx-sample-6fd7c98d8-7dqdr
  - nginx-sample-6fd7c98d8-g5k7v
  - nginx-sample-6fd7c98d8-m7vn7

Update the deployment size.

Update config/samples/demo_v1_nginx.yaml file to change the spec.size field in the Nginx CR from 3 to 5:

$ oc patch nginx nginx-sample \
    -p '{"spec":{"replicaCount": 5}}' \
    --type=merge

Confirm that the Operator changes the deployment size:

$ oc get deployments

Example output

NAME                                    READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
nginx-operator-controller-manager       1/1     1            1           10m
nginx-sample                            5/5     5            5           3m

Delete the CR by running the following command:

$ oc delete -f config/samples/demo_v1_nginx.yaml

Clean up the resources that have been created as part of this tutorial.
- If you used the make deploy command to test the Operator, run the following command:
  $ make undeploy
- If you used the operator-sdk run bundle command to test the Operator, run the following command:
  $ operator-sdk cleanup <project_name>

Additional resources

See Project layout for Helm-based Operators to learn about the directory structures created by the Operator SDK.
If a cluster-wide egress proxy is configured, cluster administrators can override the proxy settings or inject a custom CA certificate for specific Operators running on Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM).

Operator SDK tutorial for Helm-based Operators

Prerequisites

Creating a project

Existing Helm charts

PROJECT file

Understanding the Operator logic

Sample Helm chart

Modifying the custom resource spec

Enabling proxy support

Running the Operator

Running locally outside the cluster

Running as a deployment on the cluster

Bundling an Operator and deploying with Operator Lifecycle Manager

Bundling an Operator

Deploying an Operator with Operator Lifecycle Manager

Creating a custom resource

Additional resources